21.Customshouse brokers are another name forinternational freight forwarders.
22.From the shipper’s perspective, a non-vessel operatingcommon carrier (NVOCC) is a carrier; from an ocean carrier’s perspective, anNVOCC is a shipper.
23.Non-vessel operating common carriers are not allowedto enter into contract arrangements with individual shippers.
24.Export trading companies represent U.S. manufacturersand help them find overseas firms that can be licensed to manufacture theirproducts.
25.Export packers custom pack shipments when the exporterlacks the equipment or expertise to do so itself.
26.International transportation cannot be effective orefficient without fairly identical handling equipment being in place at eachend of the trip.
27.Much of the world’s shipping tonnage is used forcarrying agricultural products.
28.Load centers refer to major ports where thousands ofcontainers arrive and depart each week.
29.In terms of necessary contract provisions, oceanshippers view guaranteed ship space as the most important factor.
30.Shipping conferences refer to annual meetings of largeinternational shippers .
31.Some water carriers are engaged in a new type ofalliance in which carriers retain their individual identities but cooperate insome areas of operations.
32.Ocean carrier alliances provide two primary benefitsto participating members, namely, the sharing of vessel space and lower rates.
33.The three types of international airfreight operationsare chartered aircraft, scheduled air carriers, and integrated carriers.
34.The schedules and routes of international air carriersare established by the International Air Transport Association.
35.UPS and FedEx are examples of integrated air carriers.
36.Drayage refers to ocean shipping, often along aregion’s coast, rather than across oceans.
37.Short sea shipping is unlikely to become a more commontransportation option in the U.S. until highway driving speeds decrease toabout 35 miles per hour .
38.An inventory held in one nation may not necessarilyserve the needs of markets in neighboring nations .
39.Return items are virtually impossible to accommodatein an international distribution system.
40.Inventory valuation on an international scale isdifficult because the value of various currencies continually change.