Human Anatomy Mode, science homework help
Human Anatomy Mode, science homework help
I was wondering if you would be able to get an A on my quiz? Its only 10 questions and its timed for 15 mins. I have provided the chapter lecture notes that the test is on below. the link is www.spcollege.edu
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click on BSC1083 Human Anatomy Mode
click on course content and click on week 9 Folder Quiz #7
In the human body, many structures are located, or even become, a nearby structure. For instance, you saw how bones articulated with other bones and how cerebral lobes were near, and named from, cranial bones.
Now, in the Heart charpter, you should notice how blood flows from one heart structure to another (or through another structure). In later chapters, you will see sequences of blood vessels, respiratory organs, digestive organs, reproductive organs, urinary organs, etc., etc.
In other words, there are LOTS of sequences of structures in human anatomy. A good way to study these sequences is to write the name of one structure on a single index card. Do this for all structures. Then use the cards to assemble the sequence by placing the cards in the correct order. Then shuffle the cards, and do it again. This helps because you write the name (and thus practice correct spelling) as well as giving you more experience in the correct sequence.
The Cardiovascular System: Blood
Textbook chapter: 12.
Lecture Notes
I. Functions of blood
A. Distribution or transport:
1) Deliver oxygen and nutrients to all body cells. (To make ATP.)2) Transport metabolic wastes from body cells to sites ofelimination.a) CO2 to the lungs.b) Nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys.3) Hormones (chemical messengers)one hormone, Erythropoieten, promotes the production of red blood cells, thereby counteracting anemia. Anemia is a condition in which oxygen is not properly transported.
B. Regulation:
1) Body temperature 2) Maintaining normal pH.3) Maintaining adequate fluid volume.
C. Protection:
1) Clotting prevents blood loss.2) Prevents infection – wbc s, antibodies, complement proteins.
II. Blood Components:
Plasma is 55% of blood volume.Leukocytes are ~1% (buffy coat).Erythrocytes are 45% (= the hematocrit).
A. Plasma:
1. Water90% of plasma and is responsible for most of distribution function. Most abundant substance in blood.
2. OthersProteins – albumin, clotting, complement, antibodies, hormones.Gases – oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Ions – sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca+2), chlorine (Cl-)Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, vitaminsWastes – urea, lactic acid, creatinine
B. Formed Elements: the cells
1) Erythrocytes:They are produced in red bone marrow (found within spongy bone diaphyses of long bones.)– 7.5 microns in diameter– biconcave discs– anucleate
Contain hemoglobin, our iron based respiratory pigment carries:Almost all oxygen.Only 20% of carbon dioxide
2) Leukocytes:
– larger than erythrocytes– have large well-developed nuclei
Abundance in blood: neutrophils (most)lymphocytesmonocyteseosinophilsbasophils (least)
a) Neutrophils: phagocytize (eat and digest) bacteria and fungib) Eosinophils: phagocytizes parasitic worms, lessens severity inflammation by releasing anti-histaminesc) Basophils: release histamine thereby promoting inflammation.d) Lymphocyte: in lymphoid tissue, provides immunity. in two ways1) T cells directly touch and cut apart invader/abnormal cell membranes.2)B cells make antibodies that attach to invader/abnormal cell membranes to promote phagocytosis. e) Monocytes= macrophages: also phagocytize bacteria
3) Platelets: fragments of larger cells, clotting and preventing blood loss in torn vessels.
BSC 1083 chapter objectivesThe Cardiovascular System:The Heart
Textbook chapter: 13.
1. Name the layers of the heart and the tissues composing each. Identify the cavity in which the heart is located.2. Describe the gross anatomical structures of the heart. Include chambers, valves and associated blood vessels.3. Name the two types of valves, identifying their function.4. Trace the flow of blood to and from the heart through both Pulmonary and Cardiac circulation routes. Indicate in which heart chambers blood is either oxygenated or deoxygenated.
Be able to recognize the following structures
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
atria
ventricles
R. AV valve
L. AV valve
aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
coronary artieries
coronary veins
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
cardiac muscle cells
The Cardiovascular System:The Heart
Textbook chapter: 13.
Resources:
Use these web resources to supplement your studies of lecture notes and objectives.
Textbook (sample quizzes, labeling)-select a chapter number in pull down menu.
More online tutorials
Lecture Notes
I. Heart Anatomy:
A. Layers of the Heart Wall: three layers
1) Epicardium: superficial, = visceral layer of serous pericardium. Provides physical protection2) Myocardium: middle layer of cardiac muscle.Layer that actually provides the contraction force to move blood.3) Endocardium: lines the chambers and covers the valves to provide a smooth surface for blood flow.
B. Heart Chambers: two atria and two ventricles
1) Atria: the smaller, superior chambers.
They are receiving chambers.They are thin-walled, having a thin myocardium.Fill with blood and move it to ventricles.
Interatrial septum – separates the atria.
2) Ventricles: larger, inferior chambers.
They discharge blood into arteries.They have a much thicker myocardium.Left ventricle larger then right as it must pump blood through body while right ventricle only pumps blood through lungs. Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs.
Interventricular septum – separates them.
Helpful web link
C. Heart Valves: four
Separate the chambers and the ventricles from arteries.Prevent backflow.
They open and close in response to differences in bloodpressure on either side of the valves.
1) Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:
They are between each atrium and the ventricle below.Prevent backflow into the atria as the ventricles contract.
a) Tricuspid Valve: between right atrium and right ventricle.b) Bicuspid Valve: on the left side. (Mitral valve)
2) Semilunar Valves: each has three cusps
a) Aortic – between aorta and left ventricleb) Pulmonary – between pulmonary trunkand right ventricle.
Helpful web link
II. Flow of Blood
A Through the Heart chambers
Inferior Vena Cava and Superior Vena Cava carry low oxygen/high carbon dioxide blood to….
Right Atrium which moves blood through the….
Tricuspid Valve (right atrioventricular valve) which prevents back flow from the….
Right Ventricle which moves blood through the….
Pulmonary SemilunarValve which prevents back flow from the….
Pulmonary Trunk to the…
Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries to…..
Lungs where gas exchange (Oxygen is picked up and CO2 dumped) occurs and blood flows to…
Right and Left Pulmonary Veins to…
Left Atrium which moves blood through the….
Bicuspid or Mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve) which prevents back flow from the….
Left Ventricle which moves blood through the….
Aortic Semilunar Valve which prevents back flow from the….
Aorta
Helpful web link
A web activity
Another web activity
B the Body – Systemic circuit
NOTE: There is a list of major arteries and veins of the body in the objectives for next section.
C Flow of blood within cardiac tissue or myocardium.(Coronary Circulation)
The Right and Left Coronary Arteries branch from the base of the Aorta and pass blood into cardiac muscle tissue..
The Cardiac or Coronary Veins drain the heart tissue and empty into the right atrium.
The Cardiovascular System:The Heart
Textbook chapter: 13.
Resources:
Use these web resources to supplement your studies of lecture notes and objectives.
Textbook (sample quizzes, labeling)-select a chapter number in pull down menu.
More online tutorials
Lecture Notes
click on this image for an audio message
I. Heart Anatomy:
A. Layers of the Heart Wall: three layers
1) Epicardium: superficial, = visceral layer of serous pericardium. Provides physical protection2) Myocardium: middle layer of cardiac muscle.Layer that actually provides the contraction force to move blood.3) Endocardium: lines the chambers and covers the valves to provide a smooth surface for blood flow.
B. Heart Chambers: two atria and two ventricles
1) Atria: the smaller, superior chambers.
They are receiving chambers.They are thin-walled, having a thin myocardium.Fill with blood and move it to ventricles.
Interatrial septum – separates the atria.
2) Ventricles: larger, inferior chambers.
They discharge blood into arteries.They have a much thicker myocardium.Left ventricle larger then right as it must pump blood through body while right ventricle only pumps blood through lungs. Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs.
Interventricular septum – separates them.
Helpful web link
C. Heart Valves: four
Separate the chambers and the ventricles from arteries.Prevent backflow.
They open and close in response to differences in bloodpressure on either side of the valves.
1) Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:
They are between each atrium and the ventricle below.Prevent backflow into the atria as the ventricles contract.
a) Tricuspid Valve: between right atrium and right ventricle.b) Bicuspid Valve: on the left side. (Mitral valve)
2) Semilunar Valves: each has three cusps
a) Aortic – between aorta and left ventricleb) Pulmonary – between pulmonary trunkand right ventricle.
Helpful web link
II. Flow of Blood
A Through the Heart chambers
Inferior Vena Cava and Superior Vena Cava carry low oxygen/high carbon dioxide blood to….
Right Atrium which moves blood through the….
Tricuspid Valve (right atrioventricular valve) which prevents back flow from the….
Right Ventricle which moves blood through the….
Pulmonary SemilunarValve which prevents back flow from the….
Pulmonary Trunk to the…
Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries to…..
Lungs where gas exchange (Oxygen is picked up and CO2 dumped) occurs and blood flows to…
Right and Left Pulmonary Veins to…
Left Atrium which moves blood through the….
Bicuspid or Mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve) which prevents back flow from the….
Left Ventricle which moves blood through the….
Aortic Semilunar Valve which prevents back flow from the….
Aorta
click on this image for an audio message
Helpful web link
A web activity
Another web activity
B the Body – Systemic circuit
NOTE: There is a list of major arteries and veins of the body in the objectives for next section.
C Flow of blood within cardiac tissue or myocardium.(Coronary Circulation)
The Right and Left Coronary Arteries branch from the base of the Aorta and pass blood into cardiac muscle tissue..
The Cardiac or Coronary Veins drain the heart tissue and empty into the right atrium.
The Cardiovascular System: Blood
Textbook chapter: 12.
Resources:
Use these web resources to supplement your studies of lecture notes and objectives.
Textbook (sample quizzes, labeling)-select a chapter number in pull down menu.
More online tutorials
Lecture Notes
I. Functions of bloodclick on this image for an audio message
A. Distribution or transport:
1) Deliver oxygen and nutrients to all body cells. (To make ATP.)2) Transport metabolic wastes from body cells to sites ofelimination.a) CO2 to the lungs.b) Nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys.3) Hormones (chemical messengers)one hormone, Erythropoieten, promotes the production of red blood cells, thereby counteracting anemia. Anemia is a condition in which oxygen is not properly transported.
B. Regulation:
1) Body temperature 2) Maintaining normal pH.3) Maintaining adequate fluid volume.
C. Protection:
1) Clotting prevents blood loss.2) Prevents infection – wbc’s, antibodies, complement proteins.
II. Blood Components:
Plasma is 55% of blood volume.Leukocytes are ~1% (buffy coat).Erythrocytes are 45% (= the hematocrit).
click on this image for an audio messageA. Plasma:
1. Water90% of plasma and is responsible for most of distribution function. Most abundant substance in blood.
2. OthersProteins – albumin, clotting, complement, antibodies, hormones.Gases – oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Ions – sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca+2), chlorine (Cl-)Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, vitaminsWastes – urea, lactic acid, creatinine
B. Formed Elements: the cells
click on this image for an audio message1) Erythrocytes:They are produced in red bone marrow (found within spongy bone diaphyses of long bones.)– 7.5 microns in diameter– biconcave discs– anucleate
Contain hemoglobin, our iron based respiratory pigment carries:Almost all oxygen.Only 20% of carbon dioxide
2) Leukocytes:
– larger than erythrocytes– have large well-developed nuclei
Abundance in blood: neutrophils (most)lymphocytesmonocyteseosinophilsbasophils (least)
a) Neutrophils: phagocytize (eat and digest) bacteria and fungib) Eosinophils: phagocytizes parasitic worms, lessens severity inflammation by releasing anti-histaminesc) Basophils: release histamine thereby promoting inflammation.d) Lymphocyte: in lymphoid tissue, provides immunity. in two ways1) T cells directly touch and cut apart invader/abnormal cell membranes.2)B cells make antibodies that attach to invader/abnormal cell membranes to promote phagocytosis. e) Monocytes= macrophages: also phagocytize bacteria
click on this image for an audio message
3) Platelets: fragments of larger cells, clotting and preventing blood loss in torn vessels.
BSC 1083 chapter objectivesThe Cardiovascular System:The Heart
Textbook chapter: 13.
1. Name the layers of the heart and the tissues composing each. Identify the cavity in which the heart is located.2. Describe the gross anatomical structures of the heart. Include chambers, valves and associated blood vessels.3. Name the two types of valves, identifying their function.4. Trace the flow of blood to and from the heart through both Pulmonary and Cardiac circulation routes. Indicate in which heart chambers blood is either oxygenated or deoxygenated.
Be able to recognize the following structures
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
atria
ventricles
R. AV valve
L. AV valve
aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
coronary artieries
coronary veins
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
cardiac muscle cells
BSC 1083 chapter objectives
The CardiovascularSystem: Blood
Textbook chapter: 12.
1. Describe the different distribution, regulatory, and protective functions of blood.2. Name the components of blood plasma, including proteins, and give their functions. 3. Identify each one of the formed elements:erythrocytes, the five different leucocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) and platelets;, and briefly give their unique functions.4. Describe the production organ of Erythropoietin and its action.
Be able to recognize the following cells.
platelets
erythrocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes (macrophage)
neutrophils
basophils
eosinphils
